Unlocking New Breakthroughs in Scientific Research: Nature Communications Empowers Frontier Life Science Studies, Unveiling Core Mechanisms

Systematic characterization of target biological phenomena using [Experimental Technique 1, e.g., cellular phenotypic analysis, animal model construction, omics sequencing] to observe features and patterns of variation;

Focusing on core candidate molecules/cellular pathways, utilizing [Experimental Technique 2, e.g., gene silencing/overexpression, protein-protein interaction analysis, signaling pathway detection] to elucidate underlying regulatory mechanisms;

Employing [Experimental Technique 3, e.g., clinical sample validation, cross-model experimental verification] to confirm the universality and clinical translational value of the research conclusions.

Fig. 3

• Schematic diagram illustrating the methods used to collect GV oocytes from 3-week-old control and Hnrnpm cKO mice.
• Quantitative analysis of GV oocytes collected from 3-week-old control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 10. ns not significant.
• Representative images of GV oocytes derived from control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. Large dark cytoplasmic granules were observed in Hnrnpm cKO mice. Scale bar: 20 μm.
• Quantitative analysis of GV oocytes displaying abnormal cytoplasmic granules in control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 10. p < 0.0001.
• Representative transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of GV oocytes from control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. Red arrowheads denote cell lattices, blue arrowheads highlight mitochondria, and yellow arrowheads indicate lipid droplets. Scale bars: 2 μm (left), 1 μm (right).
• Representative fluorescent images showing mitochondrial distribution (MitoTracker-labeled) in germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes from control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. White arrowheads indicate mitochondrial aggregates. Scale bars: 20 μm.
• Nile red staining, indicating the distribution of lipid droplets in control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. White arrowheads indicate lipid aggregates. Scale bars: 20 μm.

Fig. 4

• Representative image showing IVM progression of control and Hnrnpm cKO oocytes. Scale bars: 50 μm.
• Quantitative analysis of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) rates in control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 5. ns not significant.
• Quantitative analysis of polar body extrusion (PBE) rates in cultured oocytes from control and Hnrnpm cKO mice. Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 5. p < 0.0001.
• Immunofluorescence showing spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and microtubule-organizing centers (MTOCs) of control and Hnrnpm cKO oocytes after 8 h of in vitro culture. Microtubules were labeled with α-Tubulin (green) and TPX2 (red). The MTOCs are marked with pericentrin (green). Chromosomes were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bars: 10 μm.
• Quantitative assessment of meiotic abnormalities in control and Hnrnpm cKO oocytes. Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 3. p < 0.0001.
• Representative images showing spindle assembly, chromosome alignment, and MTOCs in control and Hnrnpm cKO oocytes after 16 h of in vitro culture. Scale bars: 10 μm.
• Proportion of oocytes with meiotic defects after 16 h in vitro maturation. Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 5. p < 0.0001.

Fig. 6

• The numbers and categories of annotated differential alternative splicing (AS) events detected in GV oocytes following Hnrnpm depletion.
• GO term analysis of differentially alternative splicing (AS) genes by Metascape.
• Diagrammatic representation of alternative splicing quantification methodology using percentage spliced in (PSI) values. The PSI (Percent Spliced In) represents the relative abundance of transcripts containing a specific exon or splice site.
• Sashimi plots illustrating differential alternative splicing events of cell lattice formation-associated genes (Khdc3 and Nlrp14) and meiotic maturation-related genes (Cenph and Zar1l). PCR validation of these candidate genes confirmed the splicing alterations in Hnrnpm cKO oocytes. Schematic of alternatively spliced exons. Bar plots display the percentage spliced in (PSI) values of control and Hnrnpm cKO oocytes, calculated as PSI = splice_in/(splice_in + splice_out). Two-sided Student's t-tests. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. n = 3. p = 0.0022 (Khdc3), 0.0012 (Nlrp14), 0.0001 (Cenph), 0.0002 (Zar1l).

Fig. 7

• Schematic illustration of the LACE-seq workflow used to profile hnRNPM-binding sites in GV oocytes.
• Heatmap visualization of the hnRNPM LACE-seq signal intensity across all identified peaks. Genomic regions are displayed as 6-kb windows centered on peak summits, with hierarchical clustering of similar binding patterns.
• Pie chart displaying the genomic distribution of hnRNPM-binding sites identified by LACE-seq. CDS, coding sequence; UTR, untranslated region
• RNA-binding motifs of hnRNPM were characterized using de novo motif analysis of LACE-seq peaks using HOMER.
• GO term enrichment analysis of hnRNPM-binding transcripts.
• Venn diagram showing the overlap between hnRNPM-binding genes and differential alternative splicing (AS) genes. The heatmap on the right displays the GO enrichment results for the overlapping genes. Metascape was used to perform GO term.
• Genome browser tracks showing LACE-seq binding peak distributions of cell lattice formation-associated genes (Khdc3 and Nlrp14) and meiotic maturation-related genes (Cenph). The purple and green tracks show hnRNPM binding profiles from LACE-seq performed on control and cKO oocytes, respectively.

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