Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLS) as a popular research field, today we will interpret a review published in Science on the topic of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures in Cancer.

 

 

This image provides an overview of the different states of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLS) in cancer. It categorizes and describes TLS from several key aspects:

 

1. Localization:

   - Peritumoral: TLS located at the tumor margin.

   - Intratumoral: TLS formed directly within the tumor tissue.

 

2. Maturation:

   - Primary follicle: Structures resembling primary lymphoid follicles, possibly containing follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) but lacking a germinal center (GC) response.

   - Secondary lymphoid follicle: More mature TLS with an active germinal center, potentially with full functionality.

 

3. Cellular Composition:

   - B cells: Including immature, mature, memory, and plasma cells.

   - T cells: Including immature, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), dysfunctional T cells, TH1, TH2, TH17, TFH, and regulatory T cells (Treg).

   - Dendritic cells (DCs): Including DC-LAMP-positive, mature, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells.

   - Fibroblastic reticular cells (FRCs) and follicular dendritic cells (FDCs): May include local substitutes.

 

4. Molecular Characteristics:

   - Expression of cytokines and chemokines, which facilitate the recruitment and activation of immune cells.

   - High mutation rate in the variable regions of antibodies and expression of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), associated with somatic hypermutation in B cells.

 

5. BCR and Ig Clonality, TCR Clonality:

   - Refers to the gene rearrangement and diversity of B cell and T cell receptors within TLS.

 

6. Germinal Center / B Cell Zone:

   - TLS may contain structures resembling germinal centers, where B cells mature and differentiate.

 

7. Cytokines, Chemokines:

   - These molecules play a key role in the organization and function of TLS, influencing the behavior of immune cells.

 

8. Hypermutation and AID Expression:

   - Describes the mutation process that B cells undergo within the germinal center, crucial for antibody affinity maturation.

 

The analysis of the image indicates that the morphology and function of TLS in cancer may exhibit significant heterogeneity. These different TLS states may have distinct impacts on the tumor immune microenvironment and therapeutic response. Understanding the detailed characteristics of these TLS states is crucial for developing new cancer immunotherapy strategies.

 

This image provides a visual overview of the cellular composition, localization, maturation, and molecular characteristics of Tertiary Lymphoid Structures (TLS) in cancer. The following is an analysis of the image, combined with the content of the literature:

 

 

1. Cellular Composition:

   - B cells: Including immature, mature, memory, and plasma cells.

   - T cells: Including immature, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), dysfunctional T cells, TH1, TH2, TH17, follicular helper T cells (TFH), and regulatory T cells (Treg).

 

2. Localization:

   - Intratumoral: TLS located within the tumor tissue.

   - Peritumoral: TLS located at the tumor margin.

 

3. Molecular Characteristics:

   - FDCs (Follicular dendritic cells): May include local substitutes, crucial for B cell selection and germinal center reactions.

   - FRCs (Fibroblastic reticular cells): May include local substitutes, providing structural support for TLS.

 

4. Maturation:

   - Primary follicle: Resembles primary lymphoid follicles, possibly containing FDCs but lacking a germinal center reaction.

   - Secondary follicle: Contains an active germinal center, potentially with full functionality.

 

5. Molecular Characteristics:

   - Hypermutation: The mutation process thatB cells undergo within the germinal center, crucial for antibody affinity maturation.

   - AID expression: Involved in the somatic hypermutation process of B cells.

 

6. Germinal Center / Lymphoid Follicle:

   - Indicates that TLS may contain structures resembling germinal centers, where B cells mature and differentiate.

 

7. Dendritic Cells (DCs):

   - Includes DC-LAMP-positive, mature, and myeloid-derived suppressor dendritic cells, playing important roles in antigen presentation and immune regulation.

 

8. High Endothelial Venules (HEVs):

   - Provide specialized vascularization, facilitating the recruitment of lymphocytes.

 

9. Stromal:

   - Stromal cells and the extracellular matrix provide physical and functional support for TLS.

 

The information in the image indicates that the structure and function of TLS in cancer may vary depending on the types of cells that compose them, their location within the tumor, their maturation level, and the molecular characteristics they express. These different TLS states may have distinct impacts on the tumor immune microenvironment and therapeutic response. Understanding the detailed characteristics of these TLS states is crucial for developing new cancer immunotherapy strategies.

 

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